Table 1 Types of signals for BCI-related technologies
From: Recent applications of EEG-based brain-computer-interface in the medical field
Signal type | Acquisition method | Resolution (spatial/temporal) | Invasiveness | Primary usage in BCIs | Key advantages | Key disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EEG | Scalp electrodes | Low spatial; High temporal | Non-invasive | Widely used | Portable; Low cost; High temporal resolution | Poor spatial resolution; Sensitive to artifacts |
MEG | Magnetic field sensors | High spatial; High temporal | Non-invasive | Research; Less common | High spatial and temporal resolution | Expensive; Bulky; Requires shielding |
fMRI | Magnetic resonance | High spatial; Low temporal | Non-invasive | Research; Rare | Excellent spatial resolution | Low temporal resolution; Expensive; Slow |
fNIRS | Near-infrared light | Low spatial; Low temporal | Non-invasive | Research; Growing use | Portable; Safe; Can monitor over time | Low resolution; Limited to cortical signals |
ECoG | Cortical surface electrodes | High spatial; High temporal | Semi-invasive | Research; Experimental | High spatial and temporal resolution; Less noise | Invasive; Risk of infection; Surgical implantation required |
LFPs | Deep brain electrodes | High spatial; High temporal | Invasive | Research; Experimental | Good resolution; Detect deep brain signals | Invasive; Surgical risks; Used for specific applications |